绿巨人
China Q&A | Green thinking, new pathways: how China's ancient wisdom is scaling up Nature-based Solutions_我的网站
A | 今年WAIC，不少企业的展台都展示了机器人“能干嘛”，想给自家“娃”找个班上。 机器人大讲堂注意到，节卡给出的答案有些不同：别急着给人形机器人找一个标准答案，先按工作分分“人”。
B | By Lin Zhuowei (ECNS) -- The cicadas were deafening in Haizhu National Wetland Park on a sweltering summer morning. An electric buggy carrying a delegation of Chinese and international experts wound its way through unbroken groves of lychee and longan trees. Were it not for the distant silhouette of the Canton Tower, one could easily forget that this lush expanse sat squarely in the heart of a megacity of close to 20 million people. "Wait, please stop the car." Stewart Maginnis, deputy director general of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), leaned forward abruptly and asked the driver to pull over. He pulled out his phone and aimed his lens at the lake, where the gleaming Canton Tower rose beyond a sweep of almost unbroken green, perfectly embedded in the city's skyline. "I took that picture because I want to be able to show when I make presentations of how you can have a very rich, very vibrant, very biodiverse area well managed in the city for the benefit of people and nature," Maginnis later explained in an exclusive interview with China News Network. For him, that seamless marriage of urban landscape and natural beauty was both a living embodiment of China's ancient philosophy of "harmony between humanity and nature" and a reflection of the core idea behind Nature-based Solutions, or NbS. That unscheduled stop opened the door to a far-reaching conversation about China's ecological transformation and its place in global environmental governance. Green thinking: a real shift in leadership "If you look back in the 20th century, a lot of the conservation thinking and leadership was more Western," Maginnis said, seated in the shade of a tree. "I'm convinced that we're seeing a real shift to global leadership coming from this region, and particularly from China." The shift, in the eyes of Maginnis, one of the architects of the global NbS concept, transcends money or measurable environmental improvements. More important is that "China is bringing in really much-needed new conceptual framings for how we will undertake conservation on a planet with nearly 10 billion people." The heart of that framing, he said, can be boiled down to a single word: coexistence. "And specifically, I would actually say the whole concept of coexistence — that we don't separate one area here and then we can do whatever we want elsewhere, that we need to see nature conservation as a whole-of-society, a whole-of-planet approach." Luo Ming, a research fellow at the Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center of China's Ministry of Natural Resources, sees that same logic running deep in China's own traditions. "We have long embraced the philosophy of 'harmony between humanity and nature'," Luo said. "Stewart has been promoting 'coexistence' everywhere he goes, and that is exactly what this ancient idea means." For Luo, this is no abstract concept. She pointed to the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, built more than two millennia ago and still functioning today. It uses a fish-mouth-shaped weir to split the flow of Minjiang River, the Feishayan floodgate to separate sediment, and the Baopingkou diversion passage to irrigate the Chengdu Plain. "Of course, we cannot define Dujiangyan as an NbS project outright, because NbS is a modern concept. Nevertheless, its approach of leveraging natural processes to meet human needs is consistent with the core spirit of NbS." In China, she said, "we have this NbS gene." A test bed at scale: from pilot projects to mainstream action Maginnis rattled off the numbers of China's ecological restoration with the ease of someone who has been studying them for years. "If you look at the improvement in water quality, I think it's only in 10 to 15 years that we have seen an improvement of Grades Ⅰ to Ⅲ water from about 70 percent to well over 90 percent. And Grade Ⅴ has been reduced to almost nothing." He also noted that China now has 28 sites certified under the IUCN Green List — "the country with the most green listed sites in the world at the minute." What excites him most, however, is that China is moving beyond the perennial trap of pilot projects that never scale up. He described the country as "the engine room of developing and applying Nature-based Solutions." "There is definitely a lot of interest in Nature-based Solutions, but people tend to be saying, 'We want to pilot-test Nature-based Solutions.' My response, in that case, is: 'Well, go to China. Nature-based Solutions are already being scaled up in China.'" Why China? Luo offered a systematic explanation. Beneath the NbS successes, she said, lies a profound intellectual evolution: from the ancient ideal of harmony to the modern vision of a "community of life" — mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, and deserts are all parts of a community of life. "Those who plant trees cannot focus merely on afforestation; those managing water cannot focus merely on water governance; those protecting farmland cannot focus merely on farmland conservation. This 'community of life' philosophy shifts our mindset from isolated, fragmented restoration towards holistic, systematic thinking. This is also the essence of NbS." That philosophy has been locked in place by hard institutions. The "Two Mountains" theory — "lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets" — brings ecosystem services into the heart of development planning. It is backed by the world's largest ecological protection compensation program, channeling more than 200 billion yuan (about US$29.5 billion) a year from central funds. Ecological red lines, permanent basic farmland boundaries and a unified national spatial planning map have turned NbS projects into something "verifiable, measurable and auditable" in China. Luo noted that this approach meets the three prerequisites for NbS that the global community widely agrees on: high-level political commitment, collective coordinated action, and scaling up and mainstreaming. A sanctuary in the city: what Haizhu reveals The most persuasive evidence came from the very ground beneath their feet. Haizhu Wetland was once a flood-prone expanse of fruit orchards, a "10,000-mu orchard" that has been transformed into an ecological lung for the city. Park staff describe it with a local motto: "Step inside, and you are in nature; step outside, and you are in prosperity." Four metro lines reach the surrounding area, stitching the wetland into the fabric of daily life. "In a different place in the world under less visionary leadership, Haizhu might have been converted to a prime development site, and it could have been converted to buildings and whatnot," Maginnis remarked. Instead, Guangzhou chose to protect the green space and then enhance it, removing invasive species and restoring habitats to create an intensely vibrant ecosystem. It was Luo's first visit to Haizhu, but she read its landscape immediately. "Look at its ridges and furrows, the drainage and irrigation system; that's traditional wisdom." She observed that by preserving natural spaces and restoring natural processes, the wetland tackles multiple challenges at once. "When a rainstorm comes, it serves as a retention area. Its wetland area is large, so it can cope with extreme weather and climate change, and the biodiversity is very rich." For her, this is the essence of NbS. "Nature-based Solutions are not about solving a single problem. In traditional flood control, we might channelize and harden a riverbed so that the water can flow away quickly. But the NbS approach is to restore the hydrological process, improve connectivity, slow the water down, and create more space for retention, so that it doesn’t cause disaster." At the same time, she added, "the wetlands and green belts along both banks serve as buffer zones, providing purification, biodiversity, and places for people to rest and enjoy themselves. It can deliver multiple ecosystem services, not just a single service." What struck Maginnis equally was the cultural dimension. Traditional farming practices are kept alive here as a living repository of local culture. More than 500,000 schoolchildren arrive each year by metro to plant rice and learn to become "green citizens." The wetland has even yielded three species never recorded before. "This place is protected by law," a staff member explained. "Nobody has the right to demolish it. It can endure for generations and become a treasured part of their childhood memories." For Maginnis, that fusion of nature and culture is the key. "Our conservation objectives cannot be separated from our own culture and our own philosophy of how we move forward. That's part of the reason why I think China is so successful in having a nature conservation strategy based on coexistence." Luo saw a still deeper layer. "Seeing the beauty of the water lilies, seeing the process of the wild rice stem from a seed to the root being used by humans, we can feel that we are indeed a community of life," she said. "You might say you are restoring nature, but perhaps it is nature that is healing and restoring you. Humanity and nature are indeed a community of life; it exists in every moment of our daily lives." New pathways for a warming world Faced with the triple planetary crisis of climate change, biodiversity loss, and land degradation, Maginnis believes China is no longer just offering a vision — it is handing over a practical toolbox. He pointed to the restoration of the Loess Plateau and the removal of invasive Spartina from the coastal wetlands of Yancheng in Jiangsu. "One of the very first Nature-based Solutions we identified is the restoration of the Loess Plateau that was highly degraded, and brought back into vibrant biodiversity, vibrant productivity. It's the real coexistence of man and nature." "I think there are multiple lessons down at the site level, how to do things, but then I think there is more from the governance perspective." The Chinese approach, he said, is not simply about creating isolated protected areas but about "bringing nature right through all of society and all sectors." On the international stage, he noted that China's leadership in securing the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework is already having ripple effects. In Bangkok, drawing on sponge-city concepts and with advice from China, an old tobacco factory has been turned into an NbS wetland that buffers surrounding districts from floods while doubling as a public park. Luo added a note of balance. China's NbS pathway, she said, is distinctly institution-driven, and it differs from the market-oriented pathways being explored internationally, such as carbon credits, biodiversity credits, and green finance instruments. "Of course, we should not judge which model is superior. Instead, we should learn from each other and draw on each other's strengths." As the conversation turned to the future of the planet, Luo's tone grew heavier. "Six out of nine planetary boundaries for Earth have already been exceeded. Climate tipping points are being breached, and many international agreements are advancing slowly. The future holds tremendous uncertainty." She paused, but her gaze did not waver. "Yet precisely because of this, we must act. Humanity is part of a community with a shared future. No country can be left behind. And in this grand narrative, every single one of us is a protagonist." She issued a call that was disarmingly simple: "Start from ourselves. Use one less plastic bag, drive (petrol) one day less, sort your rubbish. These are not slogans; they are the small things in daily life. If everyone does this, our planet will surely become better and better." A breeze rippled across the Haizhu wetlands, stirring faint reflections of the Canton Tower on the water. In that quiet shimmer, the words of the experts seemed to hang in the air: whatever lies ahead, the green experiments taking root on this patch of land have already opened a window for the world. 
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双臂能扛50公斤重活的JAKA K1-25，像工厂里的“重装工”；能移动、装配、锁螺丝的JAKA Kargo，是穿梭于产线之间的“产业工人”；1.22米高的π仔，则更像一个面向开发者、高校和商业场景的“实习生”。
更重要的是，其中一些机器人已经不只是站在展台上等待被围观，而是在华域等全球头部工业企业的产线上被真正“排进班表”。
这或许代表着人形机器人产业正在发生的一次变化。
过去两年，行业最热衷讨论的是一个终极问题：怎样造出一个像人一样、什么都会干的通用机器人？但当机器人真正准备进入工厂，问题迅速变得具体：你能搬多重？能不能连续工作？换一种零件还能不能干？部署需要多久？ROI是多少？
AGI是终点，但工程化不会从终点开始。因为在真正的通用机器人出现之前，产业可能必须先解决一个个具体的问题。而节卡此次给出的答案，是先让机器人学会“分工”。
01.
人形机器人开始按工作“长身体”
过去两年，人形机器人交出的“简历”高度相似。身高一米六左右，两条腿、两只手、几十个自由度，会走、会跑、会跳，再完成几个抓取动作。如果把LOGO遮住，不少机器人甚至很难被普通观众一眼分辨出来。
这并不奇怪。在产业早期，企业首先需要证明的是“能不能做到”。双足行走、全身运动控制、灵巧操作，都是最直观的技术能力证明。
但进入工厂之后，评价体系完全变了。工厂不会因为一个机器人后空翻做得漂亮，就给它安排一个工位。它只关心：能不能干、干得稳不稳，以及算下来划不划算。
于是，机器人的身体开始被工作重新定义。
节卡此次推出的JAKA K1-25就是一个典型例子。它没有把资源集中在跑得更快、动作更像人上，而是首先解决了一个极其朴素的问题——力气。
C | K1-25双臂协同额定负载达到50公斤，重复定位精度达到±0.1毫米。展会现场，它最直接的展示不是跳舞，而是双臂分别举起25公斤的哑铃。 这个动作看起来没有那么“灵动”，但放进工厂，意义完全不同。 在汽车制造、重型装备、金属加工等场景中，大量零部件本身就超过10公斤甚至20公斤。不少人形机器人已经可以完成抓取和操作，但真正来到这些工位，遇到的第一个问题甚至不是“不够智能”，而是“搬不动”。
D | 为此，节卡自研了APEX系列JX9-120大扭矩行星关节，并重新设计双支撑轻量化机身结构，让单臂自重不足25公斤，实现25公斤额定负载，极限负载可达30公斤。 换句话说，K1-25并不是为了更像“人”设计的。它首先要更像一个能干重活的“工人”。同样的逻辑也出现在JAKA Kargo上。 需要跨越楼梯和复杂地形，双足有自己的价值；但如果机器人主要在平整的工厂中高频移动，轮式底盘可能更加稳定和高效。 于是，轮子负责跑，两只手负责干。这或许没有双足机器人那么科幻，却可能更接近现阶段工厂对具身机器人的真实需求。 当机器人开始进入真实世界，“像不像人”就不再是唯一尺度，“适不适合工作”开始变得更重要。 机器人身体的设计逻辑，也开始从复刻人类，走向服务生产力。 02. 比造一个“人”更难的，是找到一个工位 过去几年，机器人行业最不缺的是Demo。
E | 第一次叠衣服、第一次完成复杂抓取、第一次连续行走数小时，都足以成为一次技术突破。
F | 但制造业有一套完全不同的评价体系。
G | 完成一次任务没有那么重要。真正重要的是，第一千次还能不能完成；零件位置偏了怎么办；产品换型怎么办；两台机器人如何协同；出现异常之后，系统能不能继续稳定运行。 机器人从实验室进入工厂，本质上不是把一个Demo搬到产线上。而是把一个“偶尔成功的智能”，变成一套“长期稳定的生产系统”。 这也是此次WAIC上，节卡展示中更值得关注的一条线。
H | 在“模登时代·伙伴之城”的智造坊里，两台轮式人形机器人组成了一条小型协同产线。
I | 它们干的是一份非常具体的工作：装新能源电机。 从电机外壳转运、物料交接，到组件装配、精密螺丝锁付，再到成品入库，两台机器人分工协作。其中最细的一颗螺丝牙纹只有0.5毫米，单颗锁付时间约10秒。
J | 更重要的是，这套系统并不是为了WAIC临时搭建的展品，而是此前已经在华域电动百万级电机量产产线上进行实景打磨和验证。 系统融合YOLO视觉分割、多模态感知和AI Agent，零部件识别准确率达到99%，目标是让机器人能够面对多品类混线生产，而不是永远重复一套提前写死的动作。
K | 这件事真正值得讨论的，不只是“两台机器人会装电机”。而是工业机器人正在尝试从“执行动作”，向“完成任务”迈进一步。 传统设备擅长解决的是确定性生产问题。人类告诉它到A点抓取，再移动到B点放下，只要环境不发生变化，它就可以高速、精准地重复千万次。
L | 但现实中的柔性生产并不会永远停留在A点和B点之间。零件会偏，订单会变，生产线会换型，任务也会临时调整。 于是，机器人不仅需要一副更灵活的身体，也需要理解“我要完成什么”。 在节卡的技术体系中，大模型负责语义理解和全局规划，技能模型负责精确执行，视觉系统负责感知环境变化，再由机器人完成任务拆解和动作规划。 这意味着，具身智能给工业带来的价值，不只是增加一种新的机器人形态。它真正试图改变的是自动化的部署逻辑。 过去，为了让机器人工作，人们要尽可能把工厂改造成机器人熟悉的样子；未来，机器人则要开始学习适应不断变化的工厂。这可能才是具身智能进入制造业真正困难、也真正有价值的地方。 03. 不只是给机器人造身体，还要降低“教它工作”的成本 如果说K1-25和Kargo解决的是“什么样的机器人适合干什么活”，那么节卡此次展示的另一条技术线，解决的是另一个问题：怎样让机器人更容易学会干活？ 在WAIC现场，节卡还展示了一套基于JAKA Studio Pro与CoboΠ EI的智能化协作应用。以手机包装为例，传统自动化方案面对工件换型、托盘布局变化时，往往需要工程师重新编程和调试。而在新的方案中，工件拍照后可以通过AI生成3D模型，操作人员再通过语音或文字描述任务，由AI生成机器人运动序列，经过仿真验证后直接下发真机执行。 按照节卡提供的方案，图生3D可以将传统数天级的建模过程压缩到分钟级，轨迹实现秒级生成。机器人编程正在从“工程师告诉机器人每一步怎么走”，向“人告诉机器人最终要做什么”演进。 这与人形机器人的“分工”实际上是同一件事的两面。
M | 一边，是给不同工作造更合适的身体；另一边，是降低教机器人工作的成本。 π仔则补上了另一个环节。它身高1.22米，拥有27个自由度，单臂负载3公斤，配套VR全身遥操和动作捕捉系统。人在现实中抬手、转身，机器人可以同步完成动作，同时记录关节运动、视觉感知和反馈数据。 这意味着，一次遥操作不仅是一次控制，也可以成为一次数据生产。 对于高校、实验室和开发者而言，一台更小、更容易部署的人形机器人，价值未必是承担重工业生产，而是成为具身智能时代的“开发机”：降低开发门槛、积累真实世界数据，同时培养更多机器人开发者。 至此，节卡此次展示的几种机器人开始形成清晰的分工。 K1-25解决“能不能干重活”，Kargo解决“能不能进入工厂移动作业”，π仔解决开发、训练与数据问题；CoboΠ EI和JAKA Studio Pro，则试图让机器人更容易被部署和使用。 看起来是不同产品，背后实际上指向同一个问题：怎样让机器人真正开始工作。
N | 04. 节卡不是在押一种机器人形态 理解这一点，也就更容易理解节卡为什么会同时做出这些看起来差异巨大的产品。 节卡首先是一家从工厂里长出来的机器人公司。
o | 其机器人全球出货超过3万台，覆盖近百个国家和地区，客户包括丰田、施耐德、中国中车、立讯精密、上汽集团等企业。 所以，它进入具身智能的起点，与很多从AI或者人形本体起家的创业公司并不完全相同。 节卡面对的问题首先是：传统工业机器人还有哪些事情干不了？ 不能自由移动，换产成本高，编程门槛高，面对非结构化环境能力有限，大型零部件需要双臂协同，生产线变化之后又需要重新调试。 具身智能和AI，恰好提供了一套新的技术工具。
p | 从这个角度看，节卡从协作机器人向具身智能延伸，并不是简单换一条赛道，而是在不断补齐工业机器人的能力边界。 这也解释了为什么节卡没有把所有筹码押在一种所谓的“终极形态”上。 轻型机器人干轻活，重载机器人干重活，轮式机器人负责移动作业，小型人形承担开发、教育和商业互动；往下，是APEX关节模组和运动控制系统，往上，是CoboΠ EI、JAKA EVO和Agent能力，最终进入汽车、3C、仓储物流等具体场景。 这是一条与“先造出一个通用人形机器人，再给它寻找应用”不同的路径。不是先造一个“人”，再给它找工作；而是先看有哪些工作，再给工作匹配合适的机器人。
q | 这并不意味着通用机器人不重要。 恰恰相反，真正的通用智能依然可能是整个产业共同追逐的终局。但至少在今天，“通用”仍然意味着更高的硬件、模型、数据和可靠性成本。 而商业化不会等待终极答案。
r | 工厂里的料箱今天就需要搬，螺丝今天就需要拧，企业今天就需要降低换产和部署成本。
s | 因此，真正让具身智能产业开始转动的，未必是第一台什么都会的机器人。更可能是第一批在某一份具体工作上，已经真正创造价值的机器人。 05. 下一场竞争，是“抢工位” 人形机器人行业正在进入一个更现实的阶段。 一家企业拥有多强的模型、一台机器人能完成多炫酷的动作，依然重要。但当产品真正走向商业化，行业最终必须面对一个更加残酷的问题： 你的机器人，到底在哪里上班？ 一台真正进入工厂的机器人，需要解决的远不只是运动控制和模型能力。 它需要供应链、可靠性、售后和系统集成，需要理解生产工艺，甚至需要知道一颗螺丝应该用多大的力矩拧进去。 这些事情没有机器人跑步、跳舞那么吸睛，却决定了一台机器人究竟是一件科技展品，还是一种真正的生产资料。
t | 这也是此次节卡WAIC展示背后更值得关注的变化。 关节进入机器人，机器人进入工厂，工厂产生数据，数据再回到模型，模型重新提升机器人的能力。如果这个闭环能够真正转起来，机器人行业的竞争也会从单点技术竞争，逐渐进入真实世界能力的竞争。 未来真正有价值的企业，未必只是拥有最强模型或者最酷机器人的公司。 更重要的可能是，谁能够持续把机器人送进真实世界，让它们在那里工作、产生数据、迭代能力，然后进入更多工位。 因为具身智能最终不能只存在于论文、模型和Demo里。它必须拥有一副身体，找到一份工作，然后真正创造价值。 AGI是远方，但机器人产业不能等到远方抵达之后才开始商业化。 所以，人形机器人下一阶段真正值得看的，或许不再只是“谁更像人”。 而是谁先找到工作。又是谁，能真正抢到工位。
u |
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